{"id":8050,"date":"2026-09-15T08:23:33","date_gmt":"2026-09-15T07:23:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-1-4-acids\/"},"modified":"2026-09-15T08:35:21","modified_gmt":"2026-09-15T07:35:21","slug":"2-1-4-acids","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-1-4-acids\/","title":{"rendered":"2.1.4 Acids"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-ocr214-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>OCR A Level Chemistry A<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>2.1.4 Acids<\/h4>\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-1-4-acids\/\">Section overview<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-1-4-acids\/acids-and-alkalis\/\">Acids and Alkalis<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-1-4-acids\/typical-reactions-of-acids\/\">Typical Reactions of Acids<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-1-4-acids\/standard-solutions-and-titration-technique\/\">Standard Solutions and Titration Technique<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-1-4-acids\/titration-calculations\/\">Titration Calculations<\/a><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Other OCR Sections<\/h4>\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-1-1-atomic-structure-and-isotopes\/\">2.1.1 Atomic Structure and Isotopes<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-1-2-compounds-formulae-and-equations\/\">2.1.2 Compounds, Formulae and Equations<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-1-3-amount-of-substance\/\">2.1.3 Amount of Substance<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-1-electron-structure\/\">2.2.1 Electron Structure<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/\">2.2.2 Bonding and Structure<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/3-1-1-periodicity\/\">3.1.1 Periodicity<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-1-basic-concepts-of-organic-chemistry\/\">4.1.1 Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-2-alkanes\/\">4.1.2 Alkanes<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-3-alkenes\/\">4.1.3 Alkenes<\/a><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n 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} }\n    @media (max-width: 860px) { .ols-ocr214-intro-inner { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 40px; } }\n    @media (max-width: 640px) {\n      .ols-ocr214-intro { padding: 24px 0 52px; }\n      .ols-ocr214-topics { padding: 52px 0 58px; }\n      .ols-ocr214-cards-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 14px; }\n      .ols-ocr214-spec-section { padding: 52px 0 64px; }\n      .ols-ocr214-spec-wrap { padding: 24px 18px; border-radius: 20px; }\n      .ols-ocr214-info-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }\n      .ols-ocr214-spec-row { flex-direction: column; }\n      .ols-ocr214-spec-code { flex: 0 0 auto; min-height: 34px; }\n    }\n  <\/style>\n\n  <!-- BREADCRUMB BAR -->\n  <div class=\"ols-ocr214-breadcrumb-bar\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr214-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-ocr214-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/\">OCR<\/a> \/\n        <span>2.1.4 Acids<\/span>\n      <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-ocr214-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr214-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr214-intro-inner\">\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr214-eyebrow\">OCR A Level Chemistry A &#8211; Module 2 Foundations in Chemistry<\/div>\n          <h1>2.1.4<br>Acids<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr214-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-ocr214-intro-lead\">Section 2.1.4 covers the common acids and alkalis, strong and weak acids, neutralisation, preparing standard solutions, carrying out titrations and titration calculations. These pages cover the typical reactions of acids; acids and alkalis, titration technique and titration calculations follow with the supplementary set.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-ocr214-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr214-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr214-info-card-label\">Exam Paper<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-info-card-value\">Paper 1<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-info-card-sub\">H432\/01<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr214-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr214-info-card-label\">Specification Points<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-info-card-value\">2.1.4 (a) &#8211; (e)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-info-card-sub\">5 learning outcomes<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr214-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr214-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-info-card-value\">1 of 4 live<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-info-card-sub\">Typical Reactions of Acids<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr214-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr214-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-info-card-value\">OCR A<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-info-card-sub\">H432 (2015 onwards)<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-ocr214-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr214-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr214-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-ocr214-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-ocr214-section-sub\">Work through 2.1.4 in a structured sequence.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr214-cards-grid\">\n        <!-- Card 1: Typical Reactions of Acids -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr214-card ols-ocr214-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-1-4-acids\/typical-reactions-of-acids\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr214-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr214-visual ols-ocr214-visual--polarity\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr214-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr214-visual-kicker\">Neutralisation<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr214-visual-main\">Reactions<br>of Acids<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr214-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>H\u207a + OH\u207b \u2192 H\u2082O<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr214-card-num\">1<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr214-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr214-card-title\">Typical Reactions of Acids<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr214-card-desc\">Acids with metals, metal oxides, hydroxides, carbonates and alkalis, with full and ionic equations (2.1.4 (c)).<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr214-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr214-card ols-ocr214-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-1-4-acids\/acids-and-alkalis\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr214-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr214-visual ols-ocr214-visual--polarity\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr214-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr214-visual-kicker\">Dissociation<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr214-visual-main\">Acids and<br>Alkalis<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr214-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>HCl \u2192 H\u207a + Cl\u207b<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr214-card-num\">2<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr214-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr214-card-title\">Acids and Alkalis<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr214-card-desc\">The common acids and alkalis, H\u207a and OH\u207b release in solution, and strong versus weak acids by dissociation (2.1.4 (a), (b)).<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr214-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr214-card ols-ocr214-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-1-4-acids\/standard-solutions-and-titration-technique\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr214-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr214-visual ols-ocr214-visual--polarity\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr214-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr214-visual-kicker\">Technique<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr214-visual-main\">Standard<br>Solutions<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr214-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>250 cm\u00b3 flask<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr214-card-num\">3<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr214-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr214-card-title\">Standard Solutions and Titration Technique<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr214-card-desc\">Preparing a standard solution in a volumetric flask and carrying out an accurate acid-base titration (2.1.4 (d)).<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr214-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <!-- Card 2: Titration Calculations -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr214-card ols-ocr214-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-1-4-acids\/titration-calculations\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr214-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr214-visual ols-ocr214-visual--forces\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr214-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr214-visual-kicker\">Volumetric<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr214-visual-main\">Titration<br>Calculations<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr214-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>c\u2081V\u2081 : c\u2082V\u2082<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr214-card-num\">4<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr214-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr214-card-title\">Titration Calculations<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr214-card-desc\">Structured and unstructured titration calculations from experimental results (2.1.4 (e)). Page being prepared.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr214-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr214-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-wrap\">\n        <div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-heading\">2.1.4 Acids &#8211; OCR A Level Chemistry A<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-intro-text\">The following OCR A learning outcomes state what candidates should be able to do. Wording is taken from the OCR A Level Chemistry A (H432) specification.<\/p>\n        <h3 class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-group-title\">2.1.4 Acids<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-rows\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-row ols-ocr214-spec-row--light\">\n<div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-code\">2.1.4(a)<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-text\"><strong>Acids and alkalis<\/strong><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-text\">the formulae of the common acids (HCl, H2SO4, HNO3 and CH3COOH)<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-text\">the formulae of the common alkalis (NaOH, KOH and NH3)<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-code\">iii<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-text\">explanation that acids release H+ ions in aqueous solution<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-code\">iv<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-text\">explanation that alkalis release OH\u2013 ions in aqueous solution<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-row ols-ocr214-spec-row--mid\">\n<div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-code ols-ocr214-spec-code--mid\">2.1.4(b)<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-text\"><strong>Strong and weak acids<\/strong><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-text\">qualitative explanation of strong acids in terms of relative dissociation<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-text\">qualitative explanation of weak acids in terms of relative dissociation<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-row ols-ocr214-spec-row--light\">\n<div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-code\">2.1.4(c)<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-text\"><strong>Neutralisation<\/strong><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-text\">neutralisation as the reaction of H+ and OH\u2013 to form H2O<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-code\">ii)-a<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-text\">neutralisation as the reaction of acids with carbonates to form salts, including full equations<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-code\">ii)-b<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-text\">neutralisation as the reaction of acids with metal oxides to form salts, including full equations<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-code\">ii)-c<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-text\">neutralisation as the reaction of acids with alkalis (water-soluble bases) to form salts, including full equations<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-row ols-ocr214-spec-row--mid\">\n<div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-code ols-ocr214-spec-code--mid\">2.1.4(d)<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-text\"><strong>Standard solutions and titrations<\/strong><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-text\">the techniques and procedures used when preparing a standard solution of required concentration<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-text\">the techniques and procedures used when carrying out acid\u2013base titrations<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-row ols-ocr214-spec-row--light\">\n<div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-code\">2.1.4(e)<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-text\"><strong>Titration calculations<\/strong><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-text\">structured titration calculations, based on experimental results of familiar and non-familiar acids and bases<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr214-spec-sub-text\">non-structured titration calculations, based on experimental results of familiar and non-familiar acids and bases<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n  <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n      \"@id\": 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