{"id":3305,"date":"2026-05-11T08:54:30","date_gmt":"2026-05-11T07:54:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/?post_type=product&#038;p=3305"},"modified":"2026-06-30T11:40:03","modified_gmt":"2026-06-30T10:40:03","slug":"molecular-shapes-edexcel-ial-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/product\/molecular-shapes-edexcel-ial-chemistry\/","title":{"rendered":"Covalent Bonding, Structure and Shapes of Molecules &#8211; Topic 2A\/B"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"ols-course-overview-topic-2ab-covalent\" style=\"max-width: 1100px; margin: 0 auto; font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif; color: #1f2937; line-height: 1.7;\">\n<p><!-- INTRO BANNER --><\/p>\n<div style=\"background: linear-gradient(135deg, #f8fafc 0%, #eef2f7 100%); padding: 36px; border-radius: 20px; margin: 0 0 22px 0; border: 1px solid #e5e7eb; box-shadow: 0 10px 26px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);\">\n<h1 style=\"margin: 0 0 14px 0; font-size: 34px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.15; color: #1c244b; text-shadow: -9px 0 9px rgba(28,36,75,0.35);\">Covalent Bonding, Structure &amp; Shapes of Molecules &#8211; Topic 2A\/B<\/h1>\n<div style=\"width: 88px; height: 5px; background: #c81e1e; border-radius: 999px; margin: 0 0 18px 0;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">The Covalent Bonding, Structure &amp; Shapes of Molecules Topic 2A\/B Edexcel A Level Chemistry course provides approximately <strong>13 Hours of Guided Learning<\/strong>. Students work through guided video teaching, auto-marked MCQ practice, teacher-marked short-answer questions, and a specification assignment with a personalised progress report.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- STATS STRIP --><\/p>\n<div style=\"background: linear-gradient(135deg, #c81e1e 0%, #a91515 100%); padding: 18px; border-radius: 18px; margin: 0 0 34px 0; box-shadow: 0 10px 24px rgba(200,30,30,0.18);\">\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 14px;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 1 1 200px; min-width: 180px; background: rgba(255,255,255,0.12); border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.18); border-radius: 14px; padding: 14px 16px; color: #ffffff;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.5px; opacity: 0.88;\">Guided Learning<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.2;\">13 Hours<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1 1 200px; min-width: 180px; background: rgba(255,255,255,0.12); border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.18); border-radius: 14px; padding: 14px 16px; color: #ffffff;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.5px; opacity: 0.88;\">Video Lessons<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.2;\">281 mins<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1 1 200px; min-width: 180px; background: rgba(255,255,255,0.12); border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.18); border-radius: 14px; padding: 14px 16px; color: #ffffff;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.5px; opacity: 0.88;\">MCQ Assessments<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.2;\">37 Marks<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1 1 200px; min-width: 180px; background: rgba(255,255,255,0.12); border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.18); border-radius: 14px; padding: 14px 16px; color: #ffffff;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.5px; opacity: 0.88;\">SAQ Assessments<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.2;\">169 Marks<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- VIRTUAL LESSON --><\/p>\n<div style=\"background: #f3f4f6; padding: 30px; border-radius: 18px; margin: 0 0 28px 0; border: 1px solid #e5e7eb; box-shadow: 0 7px 18px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);\">\n<div style=\"display: inline-block; background: #ffffff; color: #c81e1e; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 13px; border-radius: 999px; margin: 0 0 14px 0;\">Guided Video Teaching<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"margin: 0 0 18px 0; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.2; color: #1c244b; text-shadow: -9px 0 9px rgba(28,36,75,0.35); border-left: 6px solid #c81e1e; padding-left: 14px;\">Virtual Lesson<\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 16px 0; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">The recorded lessons teach the key chemistry and the exam technique needed to apply it accurately.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 22px 0; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">Students pause during exam-practice sections, attempt questions independently, then review the worked explanations and mark scheme approach.<\/p>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; padding: 14px; border-radius: 14px; border: 1px solid #e5e7eb; box-shadow: 0 3px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"position: relative; width: 100%; padding-bottom: 56.25%; height: 0; overflow: hidden; border-radius: 10px;\"><iframe style=\"position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; border: 0; border-radius: 10px;\" title=\"Covalent Bonding Structure and Shapes of Molecules Topic 2A\/B Edexcel A Level Chemistry Virtual Lesson\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Fu_PA7Ec6Fk\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- ASSIGNMENT REPORT --><\/p>\n<div style=\"background: #f3f4f6; padding: 30px; border-radius: 18px; margin: 0 0 34px 0; border: 1px solid #e5e7eb; box-shadow: 0 7px 18px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);\">\n<div style=\"display: inline-block; background: #ffffff; color: #c81e1e; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 13px; border-radius: 999px; margin: 0 0 14px 0;\">Specialist Marking<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"margin: 0 0 18px 0; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.2; color: #1c244b; text-shadow: -9px 0 9px rgba(28,36,75,0.35); border-left: 6px solid #c81e1e; padding-left: 14px;\">Assignment &amp; Progress Report<\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 16px 0; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">The 44-mark assignment assesses the full Topic 2A\/B specification, including covalent bonding, dot-and-cross diagrams, bond length, VSEPR, molecular shape, electronegativity, polarity, and covalent structures.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 22px 0; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">After marking, students receive a colour-coded progress report showing secure areas, partial understanding, and specification points requiring further revision.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2545 aligncenter\" style=\"display: block; width: 100%; max-width: 480px; height: auto; border-radius: 14px; margin: 0 auto; box-shadow: 0 6px 24px rgba(0,0,0,0.12);\" title=\"T2AB - Covalent Bonding, Structure &amp; Shapes of Molecules - Progress Report\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/T2AB-Covalent-Bonding-Structure-Shapes-of-Molecules-Progress-Report.jpg\" alt=\"Student progress report for Edexcel Topic 2A\/B Covalent Bonding, Structure and Shapes of Molecules with colour-coded assessment levels.\" width=\"830\" height=\"1174\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- MCQ --><\/p>\n<div style=\"background: #f3f4f6; padding: 30px; border-radius: 18px; margin: 0 0 28px 0; border: 1px solid #e5e7eb; box-shadow: 0 7px 18px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);\">\n<div style=\"display: inline-block; background: #ffffff; color: #c81e1e; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 13px; border-radius: 999px; margin: 0 0 14px 0;\">Instant Feedback<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"margin: 0 0 18px 0; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.2; color: #1c244b; text-shadow: -9px 0 9px rgba(28,36,75,0.35); border-left: 6px solid #c81e1e; padding-left: 14px;\">Multiple Choice Question Assessments<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 16px 0; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">Four auto-marked MCQ quizzes provide 37 marks of targeted practice across Topic 2A\/B.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 22px 0; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">Each option includes diagnostic feedback, so students can see why the correct answer is right and why each incorrect option loses marks.<\/p>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #e5e7eb; border-radius: 14px; padding: 16px; margin: 0 0 22px 0;\">\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 10px;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 1 1 130px; background: #fff7f7; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; border-radius: 12px; padding: 12px; text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.4px;\">MCQ A<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; color: #c81e1e; line-height: 1.2;\">10<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280;\">marks available<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1 1 130px; background: #fff7f7; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; border-radius: 12px; padding: 12px; text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.4px;\">MCQ B<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; color: #c81e1e; line-height: 1.2;\">10<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280;\">marks available<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1 1 130px; background: #fff7f7; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; border-radius: 12px; padding: 12px; text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.4px;\">MCQ C<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; color: #c81e1e; line-height: 1.2;\">10<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280;\">marks available<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1 1 130px; background: #fff7f7; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; border-radius: 12px; padding: 12px; text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.4px;\">MCQ D<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; color: #c81e1e; line-height: 1.2;\">7<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280;\">marks available<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2532\" style=\"display: block; width: 100%; max-width: 700px; height: auto; border-radius: 14px; margin: 0 auto; box-shadow: 0 6px 24px rgba(0,0,0,0.12);\" title=\"A Level Chemistry VSEPR MCQ Identifying Non Tetrahedral Species ICl4\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/a-level-chemistry-vsepr-mcq-tetrahedral-shape-icl4-question.webp\" alt=\"A Level Chemistry multiple choice question asking which species is not tetrahedral with ICl4 minus identified as square planar using VSEPR theory\" width=\"870\" height=\"779\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- SAQ --><\/p>\n<div style=\"background: #f3f4f6; padding: 30px; border-radius: 18px; margin: 0 0 28px 0; border: 1px solid #e5e7eb; box-shadow: 0 7px 18px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);\">\n<div style=\"display: inline-block; background: #ffffff; color: #c81e1e; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 13px; border-radius: 999px; margin: 0 0 14px 0;\">Detailed Written Feedback<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"margin: 0 0 18px 0; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.2; color: #1c244b; text-shadow: -9px 0 9px rgba(28,36,75,0.35); border-left: 6px solid #c81e1e; padding-left: 14px;\">Short Answer Question Assessments<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 16px 0; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">Seven teacher-marked short-answer quizzes provide 169 marks of written exam practice across Topic 2A\/B.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 16px 0; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">Students may attempt all SAQ quizzes. A maximum of two SAQ quizzes can be submitted per week, and each submission is marked by a real chemistry teacher within three working days.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 22px 0; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">Feedback identifies what was correct, what was missing, and how to improve exam-standard written responses.<\/p>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #e5e7eb; border-radius: 14px; padding: 16px; margin: 0 0 22px 0;\">\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 10px;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 1 1 95px; background: #fff7f7; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; border-radius: 12px; padding: 10px; text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.4px;\">SAQ A<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; color: #c81e1e; line-height: 1.2;\">19<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280;\">marks available<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1 1 95px; background: #fff7f7; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; border-radius: 12px; padding: 10px; text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.4px;\">SAQ B<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; color: #c81e1e; line-height: 1.2;\">30<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280;\">marks available<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1 1 95px; background: #fff7f7; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; border-radius: 12px; padding: 10px; text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.4px;\">SAQ C<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; color: #c81e1e; line-height: 1.2;\">26<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280;\">marks available<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1 1 95px; background: #fff7f7; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; border-radius: 12px; padding: 10px; text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.4px;\">SAQ D<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; color: #c81e1e; line-height: 1.2;\">19<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280;\">marks available<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1 1 95px; background: #fff7f7; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; border-radius: 12px; padding: 10px; text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.4px;\">SAQ E<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; color: #c81e1e; line-height: 1.2;\">28<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280;\">marks available<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1 1 95px; background: #fff7f7; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; border-radius: 12px; padding: 10px; text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.4px;\">SAQ F<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; color: #c81e1e; line-height: 1.2;\">17<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280;\">marks available<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1 1 95px; background: #fff7f7; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; border-radius: 12px; padding: 10px; text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.4px;\">SAQ G<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; color: #c81e1e; line-height: 1.2;\">30<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280;\">marks available<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2533\" style=\"display: block; width: 100%; max-width: 700px; height: auto; border-radius: 14px; margin: 0 auto; box-shadow: 0 6px 24px rgba(0,0,0,0.12);\" title=\"A Level Chemistry Structure and Bonding SAQ Feedback Silicon vs Phosphorus Melting Point\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/a-level-chemistry-structure-bonding-saq-silicon-vs-phosphorus-melting-point-feedback.webp\" alt=\"A Level Chemistry short answer feedback explaining why silicon has a higher melting point than phosphorus comparing giant covalent structure and simple molecular structure\" width=\"931\" height=\"840\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- SPECIFICATION DESKTOP --><\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-spec-desktop-version\" style=\"background: #f3f4f6; padding: 30px; border-radius: 18px; margin: 0 0 28px 0; border: 1px solid #e5e7eb; box-shadow: 0 7px 18px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);\">\n<div style=\"display: inline-block; background: #ffffff; color: #c81e1e; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 13px; border-radius: 999px; margin: 0 0 14px 0;\">Exam Board Alignment<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"margin: 0 0 18px 0; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.2; color: #1c244b; text-shadow: -9px 0 9px rgba(28,36,75,0.35); border-left: 6px solid #c81e1e; padding-left: 14px;\"><a style=\"color: #1c244b; text-decoration: none;\" href=\"https:\/\/qualifications.pearson.com\/content\/dam\/pdf\/A%20Level\/Chemistry\/2015\/Specification%20and%20sample%20assessments\/a-level-chemistry-2015-specification.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Covalent Bonding, Structure &amp; Shapes of Molecules Topic 2A\/B Edexcel A Level Chemistry<\/a><\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 18px 0; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">This course covers the following Edexcel A Level Chemistry specification points. These are limited to covalent bonding, covalent structure, VSEPR theory and molecular shapes.<\/p>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 12px;\">\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">7<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">know that a covalent bond is the strong electrostatic attraction between two nuclei and the shared pair of electrons between them<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #fff5f5; border: 1px solid #efcaca; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #b91c1c; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">8<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151; margin: 0 0 12px 0;\">be able to draw dot-and-cross diagrams to show electrons in covalent substances, including:<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px;\">\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 70px; background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 12px 10px;\">i<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 12px 16px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">molecules with single, double and triple bonds<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 70px; background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 12px 10px;\">ii<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 12px 16px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">species exhibiting dative covalent (coordinate) bonding, including Al<sub>2<\/sub>Cl<sub>6<\/sub> and ammonium ion<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">9<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">understand the relationship between bond lengths and bond strengths for covalent bonds<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">10<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">understand that the shape of a simple molecule or ion is determined by the repulsion between the electron pairs that surround a central atom<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">11<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151; margin: 0 0 8px 0;\">understand reasons for the shapes of, and bond angles in, simple molecules and ions with up to six outer pairs of electrons, including any combination of bonding pairs and lone pairs<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 15px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #6b7280; font-style: italic;\">Examples should include BeCl<sub>2<\/sub>, BCl<sub>3<\/sub>, CH<sub>4<\/sub>, NH<sub>3<\/sub>, NH<sub>4<\/sub><sup>+<\/sup>, H<sub>2<\/sub>O, CO<sub>2<\/sub>, PCl<sub>5<\/sub>(g), SF<sub>6<\/sub>(g) and related molecules and ions, as well as simple organic molecules in this specification.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">12<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">be able to predict the shapes of, and bond angles in, simple molecules and ions analogous to those specified above using electron-pair repulsion theory<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">13<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">know that electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">14<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">know that ionic and covalent bonding are the extremes of a continuum of bonding type and that electronegativity differences lead to bond polarity in bonds and molecules<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">15<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">understand that molecules with polar bonds may not be polar molecules and be able to predict whether or not a given molecule is likely to be polar<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #fff5f5; border: 1px solid #efcaca; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #b91c1c; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">23<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151; margin: 0 0 12px 0;\">know that giant lattices are present in:<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px;\">\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 70px; background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 12px 10px;\">ii<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 12px 16px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">covalently bonded solids, such as diamond, graphite and silicon(IV) oxide (giant covalent lattices)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">24<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">know that the structure of covalently bonded substances such as iodine, I<sub>2<\/sub>, and ice, H<sub>2<\/sub>O, is simple molecular<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">25<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">know the different structures formed by carbon atoms, including graphite, diamond and graphene<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">26<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">be able to predict the type of structure and bonding present in a substance from numerical data and\/or other information<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #fff5f5; border: 1px solid #efcaca; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #b91c1c; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">27<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151; margin: 0 0 12px 0;\">be able to predict the physical properties of a substance, including melting and boiling temperature, electrical conductivity and solubility in water, in terms of:<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px;\">\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 70px; background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 12px 10px;\">i<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 12px 16px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">the types of particle present, including atoms and molecules where relevant<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 70px; background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 12px 10px;\">ii<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 12px 16px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">the structure of the substance<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 70px; background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 12px 10px;\">iii<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 12px 16px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">the type of bonding and the presence of intermolecular forces, where relevant<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- SPECIFICATION MOBILE --><\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-spec-mobile-version\" style=\"max-width: 1100px; margin: 0 auto 28px auto; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: #1f2937; line-height: 1.7;\">\n<div style=\"background: linear-gradient(135deg, #fff7f7 0%, #fef2f2 100%); border: 1px solid #f3d6d6; border-radius: 22px; padding: 26px; box-shadow: 0 10px 26px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);\">\n<div style=\"margin: 0 0 22px 0;\">\n<div style=\"display: inline-block; background: #ffffff; color: #c81e1e; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 13px; border-radius: 999px; margin: 0 0 14px 0;\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"margin: 0 0 12px 0; font-size: 34px; line-height: 1.2; color: #111827;\">Students will be assessed on their ability to:<\/h2>\n<div style=\"width: 88px; height: 5px; background: #c81e1e; border-radius: 999px; margin: 0 0 16px 0;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">The following specification points are limited to covalent bonding, covalent structure, VSEPR theory and molecular shapes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 12px;\">\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">7<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">know that a covalent bond is the strong electrostatic attraction between two nuclei and the shared pair of electrons between them<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #fff5f5; border: 1px solid #efcaca; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #b91c1c; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">8<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151; margin: 0 0 12px 0;\">be able to draw dot-and-cross diagrams to show electrons in covalent substances, including:<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px;\">\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 30px; line-height: 30px;\">i<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 14px 16px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">molecules with single, double and triple bonds<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 30px; line-height: 30px;\">ii<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 14px 16px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">species exhibiting dative covalent (coordinate) bonding, including Al<sub>2<\/sub>Cl<sub>6<\/sub> and ammonium ion<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">9<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">understand the relationship between bond lengths and bond strengths for covalent bonds<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">10<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">understand that the shape of a simple molecule or ion is determined by the repulsion between the electron pairs that surround a central atom<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">11<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">\n<p>understand reasons for the shapes of, and bond angles in, simple molecules and ions with up to six outer pairs of electrons, including any combination of bonding pairs and lone pairs<\/p>\n<div style=\"margin-top: 10px; font-style: italic; color: #4b5563;\">Examples should include BeCl<sub>2<\/sub>, BCl<sub>3<\/sub>, CH<sub>4<\/sub>, NH<sub>3<\/sub>, NH<sub>4<\/sub><sup>+<\/sup>, H<sub>2<\/sub>O, CO<sub>2<\/sub>, PCl<sub>5<\/sub>(g), SF<sub>6<\/sub>(g) and related molecules and ions, as well as simple organic molecules in this specification.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">12<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">be able to predict the shapes of, and bond angles in, simple molecules and ions analogous to those specified above using electron-pair repulsion theory<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">13<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">know that electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">14<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">know that ionic and covalent bonding are the extremes of a continuum of bonding type and that electronegativity differences lead to bond polarity in bonds and molecules<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">15<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">understand that molecules with polar bonds may not be polar molecules and be able to predict whether or not a given molecule is likely to be polar<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #fff5f5; border: 1px solid #efcaca; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #b91c1c; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">23<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151; margin: 0 0 12px 0;\">know that giant lattices are present in:<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px;\">\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 30px; line-height: 30px;\">ii<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 14px 16px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">covalently bonded solids, such as diamond, graphite and silicon(IV) oxide (giant covalent lattices)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">24<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">know that the structure of covalently bonded substances such as iodine, I<sub>2<\/sub>, and ice, H<sub>2<\/sub>O, is simple molecular<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">25<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">know the different structures formed by carbon atoms, including graphite, diamond and graphene<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">26<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">be able to predict the type of structure and bonding present in a substance from numerical data and\/or other information<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #fff5f5; border: 1px solid #efcaca; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #b91c1c; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">27<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151; margin: 0 0 12px 0;\">be able to predict the physical properties of a substance, including melting and boiling temperature, electrical conductivity and solubility in water, in terms of:<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px;\">\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 30px; line-height: 30px;\">i<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 14px 16px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">the types of particle present, including atoms and molecules where relevant<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 30px; line-height: 30px;\">ii<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 14px 16px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">the structure of the substance<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 30px; line-height: 30px;\">iii<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 14px 16px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">the type of bonding and the presence of intermolecular forces, where relevant<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- CTA --><\/p>\n<div style=\"background: linear-gradient(135deg, #c81e1e 0%, #a91515 100%); padding: 30px; border-radius: 20px; margin: 0 0 12px 0; color: #ffffff; box-shadow: 0 10px 26px rgba(200,30,30,0.22);\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0.5px; text-transform: uppercase; opacity: 0.9; margin: 0 0 10px 0;\">Complete Topic Package<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"margin: 0 0 12px 0; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.2; color: #ffffff; text-shadow: -9px 0 9px rgba(28,36,75,0.35);\">Learn the content, practise exam questions, and identify exactly where marks are being lost.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 18px 0; 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Students work through guided video teaching, auto-marked MCQ practice, teacher-marked short-answer questions, and a specification assignment with a personalised progress report. 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