{"id":708,"date":"2024-01-01T00:00:03","date_gmt":"2024-01-01T00:00:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/product\/organic-chemistry-alkanes-edexcel-t4a-b\/"},"modified":"2026-05-11T09:41:43","modified_gmt":"2026-05-11T08:41:43","slug":"organic-chemistry-alkanes-topic-4ab-edexcel-international","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/product\/organic-chemistry-alkanes-topic-4ab-edexcel-international\/","title":{"rendered":"Organic Chemistry and Alkanes &#8211; Topic 4A\\4B"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"ols-course-overview-topic-4ab\" style=\"max-width: 1100px; margin: 0 auto; font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif; color: #1f2937; line-height: 1.7;\">\n<p><!-- INTRO BANNER --><\/p>\n<div style=\"background: linear-gradient(135deg, #f8fafc 0%, #eef2f7 100%); padding: 36px; border-radius: 20px; margin: 0 0 22px 0; border: 1px solid #e5e7eb; box-shadow: 0 10px 26px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);\">\n<h1 style=\"margin: 0 0 14px 0; font-size: 34px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.15; color: #1c244b; text-shadow: -9px 0 9px rgba(28,36,75,0.35);\">Organic Chemistry and Alkanes &#8211; Topic 4A\/B<\/h1>\n<div style=\"width: 88px; height: 5px; background: #c81e1e; border-radius: 999px; margin: 0 0 18px 0;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">The Organic Chemistry and Alkanes Topic 4A\/B Edexcel International A Level Chemistry course provides approximately <strong>16 Hours of Guided Learning<\/strong>. Students work through guided video teaching, auto-marked MCQ practice, teacher-marked short-answer questions, and a specification assignment with a personalised progress report.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- STATS STRIP --><\/p>\n<div style=\"background: linear-gradient(135deg, #c81e1e 0%, #a91515 100%); padding: 18px; border-radius: 18px; margin: 0 0 34px 0; box-shadow: 0 10px 24px rgba(200,30,30,0.18);\">\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 14px;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 1 1 200px; min-width: 180px; background: rgba(255,255,255,0.12); border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.18); border-radius: 14px; padding: 14px 16px; color: #ffffff;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.5px; opacity: 0.88;\">Guided Learning<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.2;\">16 Hours<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1 1 200px; min-width: 180px; background: rgba(255,255,255,0.12); border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.18); border-radius: 14px; padding: 14px 16px; color: #ffffff;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.5px; opacity: 0.88;\">Video Lessons<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.2;\">430 mins<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1 1 200px; min-width: 180px; background: rgba(255,255,255,0.12); border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.18); border-radius: 14px; padding: 14px 16px; color: #ffffff;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.5px; opacity: 0.88;\">MCQ Assessments<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.2;\">73 Marks<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1 1 200px; min-width: 180px; background: rgba(255,255,255,0.12); border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.18); border-radius: 14px; padding: 14px 16px; color: #ffffff;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.5px; opacity: 0.88;\">SAQ Assessment<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.2;\">30 Marks<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- VIRTUAL LESSON --><\/p>\n<div style=\"background: #f3f4f6; padding: 30px; border-radius: 18px; margin: 0 0 28px 0; border: 1px solid #e5e7eb; box-shadow: 0 7px 18px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);\">\n<div style=\"display: inline-block; background: #ffffff; color: #c81e1e; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 13px; border-radius: 999px; margin: 0 0 14px 0;\">Guided Video Teaching<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"margin: 0 0 18px 0; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.2; color: #1c244b; text-shadow: -9px 0 9px rgba(28,36,75,0.35); border-left: 6px solid #c81e1e; padding-left: 14px;\">Virtual Lesson<\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 16px 0; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">The recorded lessons teach the key chemistry and the exam technique needed to apply it accurately.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 22px 0; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">Students pause during exam-practice sections, attempt questions independently, then review the worked explanations and mark scheme approach.<\/p>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; padding: 14px; border-radius: 14px; border: 1px solid #e5e7eb; box-shadow: 0 3px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"position: relative; width: 100%; padding-bottom: 56.25%; height: 0; overflow: hidden; border-radius: 10px;\"><iframe style=\"position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; border: 0; border-radius: 10px;\" title=\"Organic Chemistry and Alkanes Topic 4A\/B Edexcel International A Level Chemistry Virtual Lesson\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Fu_PA7Ec6Fk\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- ASSIGNMENT REPORT --><\/p>\n<div style=\"background: #f3f4f6; padding: 30px; border-radius: 18px; margin: 0 0 34px 0; border: 1px solid #e5e7eb; box-shadow: 0 7px 18px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);\">\n<div style=\"display: inline-block; background: #ffffff; color: #c81e1e; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 13px; border-radius: 999px; margin: 0 0 14px 0;\">Specialist Marking<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"margin: 0 0 18px 0; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.2; color: #1c244b; text-shadow: -9px 0 9px rgba(28,36,75,0.35); border-left: 6px solid #c81e1e; padding-left: 14px;\">Assignment &amp; Progress Report<\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 16px 0; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">The 29-mark assignment assesses the full Topic 4A\/B specification, including organic safety, IUPAC naming, reaction classification, crude oil, fuels, alkanes, and free radical substitution.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 22px 0; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">After marking, students receive a colour-coded progress report showing secure areas, partial understanding, and specification points requiring further revision.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2545 aligncenter\" style=\"display: block; width: 100%; max-width: 480px; height: auto; border-radius: 14px; margin: 0 auto; box-shadow: 0 6px 24px rgba(0,0,0,0.12);\" title=\"A Level Chemistry Progress Report: Organic Chemistry and Alkanes (4A &amp; 4B, Edexcel IAS)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/a-level-chemistry-organic-chemistry-alkanes-progress-report.webp\" alt=\"A Level Chemistry progress report for Organic Chemistry and Alkanes showing student performance across specification points with colour coded levels for understanding\" width=\"830\" height=\"1174\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- MCQ --><\/p>\n<div style=\"background: #f3f4f6; padding: 30px; border-radius: 18px; margin: 0 0 28px 0; border: 1px solid #e5e7eb; box-shadow: 0 7px 18px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);\">\n<div style=\"display: inline-block; background: #ffffff; color: #c81e1e; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 13px; border-radius: 999px; margin: 0 0 14px 0;\">Instant Feedback<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"margin: 0 0 18px 0; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.2; color: #1c244b; text-shadow: -9px 0 9px rgba(28,36,75,0.35); border-left: 6px solid #c81e1e; padding-left: 14px;\">Multiple Choice Question Assessments<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 16px 0; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">Four auto-marked MCQ quizzes provide 73 marks of targeted practice across Topic 4A\/B.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 22px 0; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">Each option includes diagnostic feedback, so students can see why the correct answer is right and why each incorrect option loses marks.<\/p>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #e5e7eb; border-radius: 14px; padding: 16px; margin: 0 0 22px 0;\">\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 10px;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 1 1 130px; background: #fff7f7; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; border-radius: 12px; padding: 12px; text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.4px;\">MCQ A<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; color: #c81e1e; line-height: 1.2;\">20<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280;\">marks available<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1 1 130px; background: #fff7f7; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; border-radius: 12px; padding: 12px; text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.4px;\">MCQ B<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; color: #c81e1e; line-height: 1.2;\">20<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280;\">marks available<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1 1 130px; background: #fff7f7; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; border-radius: 12px; padding: 12px; text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.4px;\">MCQ C<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; color: #c81e1e; line-height: 1.2;\">20<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280;\">marks available<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1 1 130px; background: #fff7f7; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; border-radius: 12px; padding: 12px; text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.4px;\">MCQ D<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; color: #c81e1e; line-height: 1.2;\">13<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280;\">marks available<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2532\" style=\"display: block; width: 100%; max-width: 700px; height: auto; border-radius: 14px; margin: 0 auto; box-shadow: 0 6px 24px rgba(0,0,0,0.12);\" title=\"Cycloalkanes in Petrol - Octane Rating and Engine Knocking Explanation\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/a-level-chemistry-alkene-chlorination-1-2-dichloro-4-methylpentane-mcq.webp\" alt=\"A Level Chemistry question on why cycloalkanes are added to petrol, showing incorrect student answer and feedback explaining octane rating and engine knocking.\" width=\"870\" height=\"779\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- SAQ --><\/p>\n<div style=\"background: #f3f4f6; padding: 30px; border-radius: 18px; margin: 0 0 28px 0; border: 1px solid #e5e7eb; box-shadow: 0 7px 18px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);\">\n<div style=\"display: inline-block; background: #ffffff; color: #c81e1e; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 13px; border-radius: 999px; margin: 0 0 14px 0;\">Detailed Written Feedback<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"margin: 0 0 18px 0; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.2; color: #1c244b; text-shadow: -9px 0 9px rgba(28,36,75,0.35); border-left: 6px solid #c81e1e; padding-left: 14px;\">Short Answer Question Assessment<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 16px 0; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">One teacher-marked short-answer quiz provides 30 marks of written exam practice across Topic 4A\/B.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 16px 0; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">Students submit written responses, structures, mechanisms, or uploaded working where required. Each submission is marked by a real chemistry teacher within three working days.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 22px 0; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">Feedback identifies what was correct, what was missing, and how to improve exam-standard written responses.<\/p>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #e5e7eb; border-radius: 14px; padding: 16px; margin: 0 0 22px 0;\">\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 10px;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 1 1 160px; background: #fff7f7; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; border-radius: 12px; padding: 12px; text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.4px;\">SAQ A<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; color: #c81e1e; line-height: 1.2;\">30<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #6b7280;\">marks available<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2533\" style=\"display: block; width: 100%; max-width: 700px; height: auto; border-radius: 14px; margin: 0 auto; box-shadow: 0 6px 24px rgba(0,0,0,0.12);\" title=\"a-level-chemistry-cycloalkanes-petrol-octane-rating-engine-knocking\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/a-level-chemistry-cycloalkanes-petrol-octane-rating-engine-knocking.png\" alt=\"A Level Chemistry question on why cycloalkanes are added to petrol, showing incorrect student answer and feedback explaining octane rating and engine knocking.\" width=\"931\" height=\"840\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- SPECIFICATION DESKTOP --><\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-spec-desktop-version\" style=\"background: #f3f4f6; padding: 30px; border-radius: 18px; margin: 0 0 28px 0; border: 1px solid #e5e7eb; box-shadow: 0 7px 18px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);\">\n<div style=\"display: inline-block; background: #ffffff; color: #c81e1e; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 13px; border-radius: 999px; margin: 0 0 14px 0;\">Exam Board Alignment<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"margin: 0 0 18px 0; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.2; color: #1c244b; text-shadow: -9px 0 9px rgba(28,36,75,0.35); border-left: 6px solid #c81e1e; padding-left: 14px;\"><a style=\"color: #1c244b; text-decoration: none;\" href=\"https:\/\/qualifications.pearson.com\/en\/qualifications\/edexcel-international-advanced-levels\/chemistry-2018.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Organic Chemistry and Alkanes Topic 4A\/B Edexcel International<\/a><\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 18px 0; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">This course covers the following Edexcel International A Level Chemistry specification points:<\/p>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 12px;\">\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">4.1<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">understand the difference between hazard and risk<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">4.2<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">understand the hazards associated with organic compounds and why it is necessary to carry out risk assessments when dealing with potentially hazardous materials<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #fff5f5; border: 1px solid #efcaca; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #b91c1c; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">4.3<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151; margin: 0 0 12px 0;\">be able to suggest ways in which risks can be reduced and reactions carried out safely, for example:<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px;\">\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 70px; background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 12px 10px;\">i<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 12px 16px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">working on a smaller scale<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 70px; background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 12px 10px;\">ii<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 12px 16px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">taking precautions specific to the hazard<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 70px; background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 12px 10px;\">iii<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 12px 16px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">using an alternative method that involves less hazardous substances<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">4.4<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">understand the concepts of homologous series and functional group<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #fff5f5; border: 1px solid #efcaca; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #b91c1c; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">4.5<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151; margin: 0 0 12px 0;\">be able to apply the rules of International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature to:<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px;\">\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 70px; background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 12px 10px;\">i<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 12px 16px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">name compounds relevant to this specification<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 70px; background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 12px 10px;\">ii<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 12px 16px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">draw these compounds, as they are encountered in the specification, using structural, displayed and skeletal formulae<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 70px; background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 12px 10px;\">iii<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 12px 16px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">Students will be expected to know prefixes for compounds up to C10<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">4.6<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">be able to classify reactions as addition, substitution, oxidation, reduction or polymerisation<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #fff5f5; border: 1px solid #efcaca; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #b91c1c; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">4.7<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151; margin: 0 0 12px 0;\">understand that bond breaking can be:<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px;\">\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 70px; background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 12px 10px;\">i<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 12px 16px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">homolytic, to produce free radicals<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 70px; background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 12px 10px;\">ii<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 12px 16px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">heterolytic, to produce ions<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">4.8<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">know definitions of the terms &#8216;free radical&#8217; and &#8216;electrophile&#8217;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">4.9<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">know the general formula of alkanes and cycloalkanes, and understand that they are hydrocarbons (compounds of carbon and hydrogen only) which are saturated (contain single bonds only)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">4.10<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">understand the term &#8216;structural isomerism&#8217; and be able to draw the structural isomers of organic molecules, given their molecular formula<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">4.11<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">be able to draw and name the structural isomers of alkanes and cycloalkanes with up to six carbon atoms<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">4.12<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">know that alkanes are used as fuels and obtained from the fractional distillation, cracking and reforming of crude oil, and be able to write equations for these reactions<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">4.13<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">know that pollutants, including carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, carbon particulates and unburned hydrocarbons, are emitted during the combustion of alkane fuels<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">4.14<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">understand the problems arising from pollutants from the combustion of alkane fuels, limited to the toxicity of carbon monoxide and why it is toxic, and the acidity of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">4.15<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">be able to discuss the reasons for developing alternative fuels in terms of sustainability and reducing emissions, including the emission of CO2 and its relationship to climate change<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">4.16<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">be able to apply the concept of carbon neutrality to different fuels, such as petrol, bioethanol and hydrogen<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #fff5f5; border: 1px solid #efcaca; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #b91c1c; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">4.17<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151; margin: 0 0 12px 0;\">understand the reactions of alkanes with:<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px;\">\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 70px; background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 12px 10px;\">i<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 12px 16px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">oxygen in the air (combustion)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 70px; background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 12px 10px;\">ii<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 12px 16px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">halogens<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #fff5f5; border: 1px solid #efcaca; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #b91c1c; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px;\">4.18<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151; margin: 0 0 12px 0;\">understand the mechanism of the free radical substitution reaction between an alkane and a halogen:<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px;\">\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 70px; background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 12px 10px;\">i<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 12px 16px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">using free radicals, which are species with an unpaired electron, represented by a single dot<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 70px; background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 12px 10px;\">ii<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 12px 16px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">showing the initiation step of the mechanism, with curly half-arrows for free radical formation<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 70px; background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 12px 10px;\">iii<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 12px 16px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">showing the propagation and termination steps of the mechanism<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 70px; background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 12px 10px;\">iv<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 12px 16px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">having limited use in synthesis because of further substitution reactions<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; background: #f0f9ff; border: 1px solid #bae6fd; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"flex: 0 0 90px; background: #0369a1; color: #ffffff; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px; text-align: center;\">Practical<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">Further suggested practical: Cracking alkanes by thermal decomposition, including liquid paraffin using aluminium oxide as a catalyst<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- SPECIFICATION MOBILE --><\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-spec-mobile-version\" style=\"max-width: 1100px; margin: 0 auto 28px auto; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: #1f2937; line-height: 1.7;\">\n<div style=\"background: linear-gradient(135deg, #fff7f7 0%, #fef2f2 100%); border: 1px solid #f3d6d6; border-radius: 22px; padding: 26px; box-shadow: 0 10px 26px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);\">\n<div style=\"margin: 0 0 22px 0;\">\n<div style=\"display: inline-block; background: #ffffff; color: #c81e1e; border: 1px solid #f1d2d2; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 13px; border-radius: 999px; margin: 0 0 14px 0;\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"margin: 0 0 12px 0; font-size: 34px; line-height: 1.2; color: #111827;\">Students will be assessed on their ability to:<\/h2>\n<div style=\"width: 88px; height: 5px; background: #c81e1e; border-radius: 999px; margin: 0 0 16px 0;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">The following specification points outline the knowledge and skills students are expected to demonstrate.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 12px;\">\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">4.1<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">understand the difference between hazard and risk<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">4.2<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">understand the hazards associated with organic compounds and why it is necessary to carry out risk assessments when dealing with potentially hazardous materials<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #fff5f5; border: 1px solid #efcaca; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #b91c1c; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">4.3<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151; margin: 0 0 12px 0;\">be able to suggest ways in which risks can be reduced and reactions carried out safely, for example:<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px;\">\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 30px; line-height: 30px;\">i<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 14px 16px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">working on a smaller scale<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 30px; line-height: 30px;\">ii<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 14px 16px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">taking precautions specific to the hazard<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 30px; line-height: 30px;\">iii<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 14px 16px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">using an alternative method that involves less hazardous substances<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">4.4<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">understand the concepts of homologous series and functional group<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #fff5f5; border: 1px solid #efcaca; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #b91c1c; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">4.5<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151; margin: 0 0 12px 0;\">be able to apply the rules of International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature to:<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px;\">\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 30px; line-height: 30px;\">i<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 14px 16px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">name compounds relevant to this specification<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 30px; line-height: 30px;\">ii<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 14px 16px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">draw these compounds, as they are encountered in the specification, using structural, displayed and skeletal formulae. Students will be expected to know prefixes for compounds up to C10<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">4.6<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">be able to classify reactions as addition, substitution, oxidation, reduction or polymerisation<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #fff5f5; border: 1px solid #efcaca; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #b91c1c; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">4.7<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151; margin: 0 0 12px 0;\">understand that bond breaking can be:<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px;\">\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 30px; line-height: 30px;\">i<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 14px 16px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">homolytic, to produce free radicals<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 30px; line-height: 30px;\">ii<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 14px 16px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">heterolytic, to produce ions<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">4.8<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">know definitions of the terms \u2018free radical\u2019 and \u2018electrophile\u2019<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">4.9<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">know the general formula of alkanes and cycloalkanes, and understand that they are hydrocarbons (compounds of carbon and hydrogen only) which are saturated (contain single bonds only)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">4.10<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">understand the term \u2018structural isomerism\u2019 and be able to draw the structural isomers of organic molecules, given their molecular formula<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">4.11<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">be able to draw and name the structural isomers of alkanes and cycloalkanes with up to six carbon atoms<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">4.12<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">know that alkanes are used as fuels and obtained from the fractional distillation, cracking and reforming of crude oil, and be able to write equations for these reactions<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">4.13<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">know that pollutants, including carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, carbon particulates and unburned hydrocarbons, are emitted during the combustion of alkane fuels<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">4.14<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">understand the problems arising from pollutants from the combustion of alkane fuels, limited to the toxicity of carbon monoxide and why it is toxic, and the acidity of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">4.15<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">be able to discuss the reasons for developing alternative fuels in terms of sustainability and reducing emissions, including the emission of CO2 and its relationship to climate change<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ead4d4; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #c81e1e; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">4.16<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151;\">be able to apply the concept of carbon neutrality to different fuels, such as petrol, bioethanol and hydrogen<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #fff5f5; border: 1px solid #efcaca; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #b91c1c; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">4.17<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151; margin: 0 0 12px 0;\">understand the reactions of alkanes with:<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px;\">\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 30px; line-height: 30px;\">i<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 14px 16px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">oxygen in the air (combustion) and halogens<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #fff5f5; border: 1px solid #efcaca; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\">\n<div style=\"background: #b91c1c; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 34px; line-height: 34px;\">4.18<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 18px 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: #374151; margin: 0 0 12px 0;\">understand the mechanism of the free radical substitution reaction between an alkane and a halogen:<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px;\">\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 30px; line-height: 30px;\">i<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 14px 16px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">using free radicals, which are species with an unpaired electron, represented by a single dot<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 30px; line-height: 30px;\">ii<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 14px 16px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">showing the initiation step of the mechanism, with curly half-arrows for free radical formation<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 30px; line-height: 30px;\">iii<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 14px 16px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">showing the propagation and termination steps of the mechanism<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #f1d5d5; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background: #fca5a5; color: #7f1d1d; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; height: 30px; line-height: 30px;\">iv<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 14px 16px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b5563;\">having limited use in synthesis because of further substitution reactions<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- CTA --><\/p>\n<div style=\"background: linear-gradient(135deg, #c81e1e 0%, #a91515 100%); padding: 30px; border-radius: 20px; margin: 0 0 12px 0; color: #ffffff; box-shadow: 0 10px 26px rgba(200,30,30,0.22);\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0.5px; text-transform: uppercase; opacity: 0.9; margin: 0 0 10px 0;\">Complete Topic Package<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"margin: 0 0 12px 0; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.2; color: #ffffff; text-shadow: -9px 0 9px rgba(28,36,75,0.35);\">Learn the content, practise exam questions, and identify exactly where marks are being lost.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 18px 0; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #fef2f2;\">This course combines guided video teaching, diagnostic MCQs, teacher-marked written assessment, and detailed specification reporting for Edexcel International A Level Chemistry.<\/p>\n<div style=\"display: inline-block; background: #ffffff; color: #c81e1e; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; padding: 12px 18px; border-radius: 999px;\">Exam-focused learning with clear performance feedback<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Organic Chemistry and Alkanes &#8211; Topic 4A\/B The Organic Chemistry and Alkanes Topic 4A\/B Edexcel International A Level Chemistry course provides approximately 16 Hours of Guided Learning. Students work through guided video teaching, auto-marked MCQ practice, teacher-marked short-answer questions, and a specification assignment with a personalised progress report. Guided Learning 16 Hours Video Lessons 430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":2935,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"product_brand":[],"product_cat":[308],"product_tag":[],"class_list":["post-708","product","type-product","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","product_cat-edexcel-international-a-level-chemistry","first","instock","virtual","purchasable","product-type-simple"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/708","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=708"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2935"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=708"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_brand","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_brand?post=708"},{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=708"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=708"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}