Topic 10
Equilibrium I
Topic 10 covers reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium, Le Chatelier’s principle for temperature, concentration and pressure, the compromise between yield and rate in industrial processes, and writing the expression for the equilibrium constant Kc for homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Equilibrium II (Kc and Kp calculations) follows in Topic 11.
Revision Notes
4 revision notes, in the order the specification teaches them.
Dynamic Equilibrium
Dynamic equilibrium: reversible reactions, equal forward and reverse rates, constant concentrations, closed systems and the position of equilibrium.
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Le Chatelier’s Principle
Le Chatelier’s principle: temperature, pressure and concentration changes, catalysts, and the ammonia and chromate equilibria as examples.
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Equilibria in Industry
Equilibria in industry: the Haber and Contact processes, compromise temperature and pressure, catalysts and evaluating yield data.
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The Equilibrium Constant Kc
Kc: expressions, units, calculations from equilibrium amounts, the magnitude of Kc and the effect of temperature.
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Equilibrium Map
Edexcel A Level Chemistry · Topic 10 Equilibrium I
The whole section on one A4 page: dynamic equilibrium, the equilibrium constant, concentration, pressure, temperature and catalysts, and industrial conditions, with worked examples.
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Revision Game
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Specification
Every specification point in this topic, in the exam board's own words. Rate how confident you are with each one.
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10.1
- i
know that many reactions are readily reversible and that they can reach a state of dynamic equilibrium in which: the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the backward reaction
Revise - ii
know that many reactions are readily reversible and that they can reach a state of dynamic equilibrium in which: the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant
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10.2
10.3
- 10.3
evaluate data to explain the necessity, for many industrial processes, to reach a compromise between the yield and the rate of reaction
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10.4
- 10.4
be able to deduce an expression for Kc , for homogeneous and heterogeneous systems, in terms of equilibrium concentrations
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