Topic 9
Kinetics &
Equilibria
Topic 9 asks two questions about every reaction: how fast does it go, and how far? Part 9A Kinetics builds collision theory, activation energy, the measurement of rates, the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution and catalysts. Part 9B Equilibria covers reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium, Le Chatelier’s principle and the compromises made in industry. Both are examined in Unit 2 and assessed practically through Core Practical 9.
Revision Notes
2 revision notes, in the order the specification teaches them.
Topic 9A Kinetics
Collision theory and activation energy, measuring and calculating rates, the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, and catalysts with their reaction profiles and industrial uses.
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Topic 9B Equilibria
Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium, Le Chatelier’s principle for temperature, pressure and concentration, and the yield-versus-rate compromise in the Haber and Contact processes.
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Specification
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9.1
- a
understand the effect of changes in concentration on rate of reaction in terms of collision theory
Revise - b
understand the effect of changes in temperature on rate of reaction in terms of collision theory
Revise - c
understand the effect of changes in pressure on rate of reaction in terms of collision theory
Revise - d
understand the effect of changes in surface area on rate of reaction in terms of collision theory
Revise
9.2
- 9.2
understand that reactions take place only when collisions have sufficient energy, known as the activation energy
Revise
9.3
9.4
- 9.4
understand qualitatively, in terms of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies, how changes in temperature affect the rate of a reaction
Revise
9.5
9.6
- c
be able to include the energy level of the intermediate formed with the catalyst in a catalysed reaction profile
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9.7
9.8
- 9.8
be able to interpret the action of a catalyst in terms of a qualitative understanding of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies
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9.9
- i
know that many reactions are readily reversible and that they can reach a state of dynamic equilibrium in which: the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the backward reaction
Revise - ii
know that many reactions are readily reversible and that they can reach a state of dynamic equilibrium in which: the concentrations of the reactants and the products remain constant
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9.10
- a
be able to predict the qualitative effect of temperature changes on the position of equilibrium in a homogeneous system
Revise - b
be able to justify the qualitative effect of temperature changes on the position of equilibrium in a homogeneous system
Revise - c
be able to predict the qualitative effect of pressure changes on the position of equilibrium in a homogeneous system
Revise - d
be able to justify the qualitative effect of pressure changes on the position of equilibrium in a homogeneous system
Revise - e
be able to predict the qualitative effect of concentration changes on the position of equilibrium in a homogeneous system
Revise - f
be able to justify the qualitative effect of concentration changes on the position of equilibrium in a homogeneous system
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9.11
- 9.11
evaluate data to explain why industrial processes compromise between yield and rate of reaction
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