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OCR A Level Chemistry A

4.1.1
Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry

OCR 4.1.1 covers the IUPAC rules for naming organic compounds, general, structural, displayed and skeletal formulae, the terminology of homologous series and functional groups, structural isomerism, and the conventions for homolytic and heterolytic fission, radicals and curly arrows used in mechanisms.

Exam Paper
Paper 2
H432/02
Specification Points
4.1.1(a) – 4.1.1(i)
9 learning outcomes
Topic Parts
11 parts
Revision notes available
Exam Board
OCR
OCR H432

Revision Notes

Work through each part of OCR 4.1.1 in a structured sequence.

Nomenclature
IUPAC
Rules
1

IUPAC Rules

Formulae, homologous series and the IUPAC rules for naming chains, rings and functional groups.

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Functional group
Alkenes
2

Alkene

Naming alkenes with the -ene suffix, locants for the double bond and E-Z prefixes.

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Functional group
Alcohols
3

Alcohol

Naming alcohols with the -ol suffix and locating the hydroxyl group.

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Functional group
Haloalkanes
4

Haloalkanes

Naming compounds with fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo prefixes in alphabetical order.

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Functional group
Aldehydes
5

Aldehyde

Naming aldehydes with the -al suffix and recognising the terminal carbonyl group.

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Functional group
Ketones
6

Ketone

Naming ketones with the -one suffix and locating the carbonyl group in the chain.

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Functional group
Carboxylic
Acids
7

Carboxylic Acid

Naming carboxylic acids with the -oic acid suffix and their high priority in naming.

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Functional group
Esters
8

Ester

Naming esters from the alcohol and acid parts, and drawing their structures.

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Isomerism
Structural
Isomers
9

Isomerism

Chain, position and functional group isomerism, and drawing isomers from a molecular formula.

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Classification
Aliphatic
Aromatic
10

Aliphatic, Alicyclic and Aromatic Compounds

The OCR terms aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic, and saturated and unsaturated including C≡C and benzene rings (4.1.1(c)).

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Mechanisms
Curly
Arrows
11

Curly Arrows and Mechanisms

What a curly arrow means, heterolytic fission and bond formation, dipoles, and how to draw a mechanism (4.1.1(h)-(i)).

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Specification Coverage

4.1.1 Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry – OCR A Level Chemistry A

The following OCR specification points outline the knowledge and skills students are expected to demonstrate for Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry.

4.1.1 Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry

4.1.1(a)
Naming organic compounds
Application of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for systematically naming organic compounds.
4.1.1(b)
Formulae
Interpretation and use of the terms:
(i)
general formula (the simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series), e.g. for an alkane CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
(ii)
structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule), e.g. for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3
(iii)
displayed formula (the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them)
(iv)
skeletal formula (the simplified organic formula, showing just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups)
4.1.1(c)
Terminology
Interpretation and use of the terms:
(i)
homologous series
(ii)
functional group
(iii)
alkyl group (CnH2n+1)
(iv)
aliphatic
(v)
alicyclic
(vi)
aromatic
(vii)
saturated and unsaturated
4.1.1(d)
General formula
Use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series.
4.1.1(e)
Structural isomers
Explanation of the term structural isomers (compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae) and determination of possible structural formulae of an organic molecule, given its molecular formula.
4.1.1(f)
Bond fission
The different types of covalent bond fission:
(i)
homolytic fission (each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals)
(ii)
heterolytic fission (one bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonded pair)
4.1.1(g)
Radicals
The term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of dots to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms.
4.1.1(h)
Curly arrows
A curly arrow described as the movement of an electron pair, showing either heterolytic fission or formation of a covalent bond.
4.1.1(i)
Reaction mechanisms
Reaction mechanisms, using diagrams, to show clearly the movement of an electron pair with curly arrows and relevant dipoles.