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Foundations in Chemistry
2.1–2.2. 7 courses.
Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
This course will cover atomic structure and isotopes, mass spectrometry, electron configuration, ionisation energy and periodicity.
Compounds, Formulae, Equations and Amount of Substance
This calculation course will cover formulae of ions and compounds, balanced equations, the mole, gas volumes, concentrations, yield and atom economy.
Acids
This course will cover strong and weak acids, neutralisation reactions, standard solutions, titration technique and titration calculations.
Redox
This course will cover oxidation numbers, oxidation and reduction as electron transfer, half-equations and redox reactions of metals with acids.
Covalent Bonding and Shapes of Molecules
This course will cover covalent and dative covalent bonding, dot-and-cross diagrams, electron-pair repulsion, shapes, bond angles and electronegativity.
Ionic and Metallic Bonding
This course will cover ionic bonding and giant ionic lattices, metallic bonding, and how structure explains melting point, solubility and conductivity.
Intermolecular Forces
This course will cover permanent dipole-dipole and induced dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding and the anomalous properties of water.
Periodic Table and Energy
3.1–3.2. 7 courses.
Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
This course will cover atomic structure and isotopes, mass spectrometry, electron configuration, ionisation energy and periodicity.
Group 2
This course will cover the redox reactions of Group 2 metals, trends in reactivity, and the reactions and uses of Group 2 compounds.
The Halogens
This course will cover halogen trends, displacement reactions, disproportionation of chlorine, water treatment and tests for halide ions.
Qualitative Analysis
This course will cover test-tube tests for carbonate, sulfate, halide and ammonium ions, and the order in which to carry them out.
Enthalpy Changes
This course will cover enthalpy changes and standard conditions, calorimetry, Hess’s law, enthalpy cycles and average bond enthalpies.
Reaction Rates
This course will cover collision theory, measuring rates, the Boltzmann distribution, activation energy and how catalysts work.
Chemical Equilibrium
This course will cover dynamic equilibrium, le Chatelier’s principle, industrial compromises and calculating and using Kc.
Core Organic Chemistry
4.1–4.2. 6 courses.
Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry and Alkanes
This course will cover naming and formulae, functional groups, isomerism, curly-arrow mechanisms, crude oil and the reactions of alkanes.
Alkenes
Learn alkene bonding, E/Z and cis-trans isomerism with the CIP rules, electrophilic addition, Markownikoff's rule, addition polymerisation and the processing of waste polymers.
Alcohols
This course will cover the properties of alcohols, their combustion and oxidation, dehydration and substitution with halide ions.
Haloalkanes
This course will cover haloalkanes: nucleophilic substitution, rates of hydrolysis and the effect of CFCs on the ozone layer.
Organic Synthesis
This course will cover Quickfit apparatus, heating under reflux, distillation, purifying organic liquids and two-stage synthetic routes.
Analytical Techniques
This course will cover infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry of organic compounds and combining them to identify an unknown.
Physical Chemistry and Transition Elements
5.1–5.3. 8 courses.
How Fast?
This course will cover orders of reaction, rate equations, the rate constant, half-life, initial rates, rate-determining steps and the Arrhenius equation.
How Far?
This course will cover Kc for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria, mole fractions and partial pressures, Kp and what changes an equilibrium constant.
Acids, Bases and Buffers
This course will cover Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases, pH of strong and weak acids, Ka, Kw, buffers and pH titration curves.
Lattice Enthalpy
This course will cover lattice enthalpy, Born–Haber cycles, enthalpy changes of solution and hydration, and factors affecting lattice enthalpy.
Enthalpy and Entropy
This course will cover entropy, entropy changes, free energy and the feasibility of reactions at different temperatures.
Redox and Electrode Potentials
This course will cover redox titrations, standard electrode potentials, cell potentials, the feasibility of reactions, storage cells and fuel cells.
Transition Elements
This course will cover transition element properties, complex ions, their shapes and isomerism, ligand substitution, precipitation and redox reactions.
Qualitative Analysis
This course will cover the qualitative analysis of anions, ammonium ions and transition element cations from test-tube reactions.
Organic Chemistry and Analysis
6.1–6.3. 10 courses.
Aromatic Compounds
This course will cover the structure of benzene, electrophilic substitution, nitration and halogenation, phenols and directing groups.
Carbonyl Compounds
This course will cover aldehydes and ketones, their oxidation and reduction, nucleophilic addition and the tests for carbonyl compounds.
Carboxylic Acids and Esters
This course will cover carboxylic acids, esters and their hydrolysis, acyl chlorides and their reactions.
Amines
This course will cover amines: basicity, preparation of aliphatic and aromatic amines and their reactions.
Amino Acids, Amides and Chirality
This course will cover amino acids, amides and optical isomerism around chiral centres.
Polyesters and Polyamides
This course will cover condensation polymerisation to make polyesters and polyamides, and their hydrolysis.
Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation
This course will cover forming carbon–carbon bonds with nitriles and Friedel–Crafts reactions, and using them in synthesis.
Organic Synthesis
This course will cover practical techniques for organic solids, functional group interconversions and planning multi-stage synthetic routes.
Chromatography and Qualitative Analysis
This course will cover thin-layer and gas chromatography, Rf values and retention times, and tests for organic functional groups.
Spectroscopy
This course will cover carbon-13 and proton NMR spectroscopy and combining spectra to deduce the structure of an unknown.
Practical Activity Groups 1 to 12
PAG 1–12. 12 courses.
Moles Determination
This practical course will cover finding moles by mass, gas volume and water of crystallisation, with the calculations and their uncertainties.
Acid–Base Titration
This practical course will cover making a standard solution and carrying out an acid–base titration, with the calculations and their uncertainties.
Enthalpy Determination
This practical course will cover measuring enthalpy changes directly and by Hess’s law, with the calculations and their uncertainties.
Qualitative Analysis of Ions
This practical course will cover test-tube tests for anions, cations and ammonium ions, and how to record and interpret the results.
Synthesis of an Organic Liquid
This practical course will cover preparing an organic liquid: heating under reflux, distillation, separation and drying.
Synthesis of an Organic Solid
This practical course will cover preparing an organic solid: recrystallisation, filtration under reduced pressure and melting-point checks.
Qualitative Analysis of Organic Functional Groups
This practical course will cover the chemical tests for organic functional groups and how to identify an unknown from the results.
Electrochemical Cells
This practical course will cover setting up electrochemical cells, measuring cell potentials and comparing them with standard values.
Rates of Reaction: Continuous Monitoring Method
This practical course will cover following a reaction by continuous monitoring, plotting the results and deducing the order.
Rates of Reaction: Initial Rates Method
This practical course will cover the initial-rates method: running the experiments, plotting the results and deducing the rate equation.
pH Measurement
This practical course will cover measuring pH, finding Ka for a weak acid and preparing and testing a buffer.
Research Skills
This practical course will cover research skills: finding and citing sources, and planning an investigation from them.