Topic 19
Organic Nitrogen
Compounds
Topic 19 closes Unit 5 with the organic nitrogen compounds: the naming and formulae of amines, amides and amino acids; the reactions of butylamine and phenylamine with water, acids, halogenoalkanes, ethanoyl chloride and copper(II) ions, and why amines differ in basicity; preparing amines from halogenoalkanes, nitriles and nitrobenzene; diazonium salts and azo dyes; amides from acyl chlorides; condensation polymers such as polyamides and proteins, and the addition polymers poly(propenamide) and poly(ethenol); and the acid-base behaviour, optical activity and peptide bonds of amino acids.
Revision Notes
10 revision notes, in the order the specification teaches them.
Amines, Amides and Amino Acids: Structure and Naming
The structure and naming of amines, amides and amino acids: classification, nomenclature, formulae and physical properties.
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Preparing Amines
Preparing amines: halogenoalkanes with ammonia, reduction of nitriles, and the reduction of nitrobenzene to phenylamine with tin and concentrated hydrochloric acid.
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Amines as Bases
Amines as bases: the nitrogen lone pair, alkaline solutions, salt formation with acids and the order of base strength of ammonia, aliphatic and aromatic amines.
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Amines as Nucleophiles
Amines as nucleophiles: substitution with halogenoalkanes and the formation of N-substituted amides with acyl chlorides.
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Amides
Amides: structure, naming, preparation from acyl chlorides and the amide link.
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Diazonium Salts and Azo Dyes
Diazonium salts and azo dyes: phenylamine with nitrous acid below 10 °C, the benzenediazonium ion and coupling with phenol to make a dye.
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Amino Acids and Zwitterions
Amino acids: zwitterions, acid and base behaviour, the isoelectric point and chirality.
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Peptides and Proteins
Peptides and proteins: the peptide link, dipeptides and tripeptides, hydrolysis and proteins as polymers of amino acids.
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Condensation Polymers: Polyamides and Polyesters
Condensation polymers: polyamides and polyesters, repeat units, monomers, linkages and intermolecular forces.
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Polymer Properties: Polyamides, Poly(propenamide) and Poly(ethenol)
Polyamide hydrogen bonding, poly(propenamide) and poly(ethenol): repeat units, solubility in water and uses.
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Summary maps
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Amines Map
Edexcel International A Level Chemistry · Unit 5 · Topic 19
Every reaction on one A4 page: reagents, conditions and reaction type for each arrow, colour coded, with the key tests.
Nitriles Map
Edexcel International A Level Chemistry · Unit 5 · Topic 19
Every reaction on one A4 page: reagents, conditions and reaction type for each arrow, colour coded, with the key tests.
Amino Acids Map
Edexcel International A Level Chemistry · Unit 5 · Topic 19
Every reaction on one A4 page: reagents, conditions and reaction type for each arrow, colour coded, with the key tests.
Amines Summary Map
Edexcel International A Level Chemistry · Unit 5 · Topic 19A Amines
All of Topic 19A on one A4 page: classes, routes to amines, bases, nucleophiles, copper(II) ions, diazonium ions and dyes.
Amides and Polymers Map
Edexcel International A Level Chemistry · Unit 5 · Topic 19B Amides and Polymers
All of Topic 19B on one A4 page: amides, condensation, repeat units, hydrogen bonds, addition polymers and soluble films.
Amino Acids Summary Map
Edexcel International A Level Chemistry · Unit 5 · Topic 19C Amino Acids and Proteins
All of Topic 19C on one A4 page: amino acids, zwitterions, enantiomers, the polarimeter, peptides and chromatography.
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19.1
19.2
- i
understand the reactions of primary aliphatic amines (using butylamine as an example) and aromatic amines (using phenylamine as an example) with: water to form an alkaline solution
Revise - ii
understand the reactions of primary aliphatic amines (using butylamine as an example) and aromatic amines (using phenylamine as an example) with: acids to form salts
Revise - iii
understand the reactions of primary aliphatic amines (using butylamine as an example) and aromatic amines (using phenylamine as an example) with: halogenoalkanes
Revise - iv
understand the reactions of primary aliphatic amines (using butylamine as an example) and aromatic amines (using phenylamine as an example) with: ethanoyl chloride
Revise - v
understand the reactions of primary aliphatic amines (using butylamine as an example) and aromatic amines (using phenylamine as an example) with: copper(II) ions to form a complex ion
Revise
19.3
- b
understand reasons for the difference in basicity between ammonia and primary aliphatic amines
Revise - c
understand reasons for the difference in basicity between ammonia and primary aromatic amines
Revise - d
understand reasons for the difference in basicity between primary aliphatic amines and primary aromatic amines
Revise
19.4
19.5
- 19.5
know the preparation of aromatic amines by the reduction of aromatic nitrocompounds using tin and concentrated hydrochloric acid
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19.6
- a
be able to describe reaction of aromatic amines with nitrous acid to form benzenediazonium ions
Revise
19.7
19.8
- i
be able to describe: condensation polymerisation for the formation of polyamides such as nylon and proteins
Revise
19.9
19.10
19.11
- i
be able to describe experiments to investigate the characteristic behaviour of amino acids limited to: acidity and basicity and the formation of zwitterions
Revise - ii
be able to describe experiments to investigate the characteristic behaviour of amino acids limited to: effect of aqueous solutions on plane-polarised monochromatic light
Revise - iii
be able to describe experiments to investigate the characteristic behaviour of amino acids limited to: formation of peptide bonds by condensation polymerisation
Revise
19.12
- 19.12
CORE PRACTICAL 15 Analysis of some inorganic and organic unknowns.
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